However, due to the ongoing development of new camera models and the practical difficulty to keep a model database up-to-date, we propose to treat image provenance as an open-set classification problem with the goal to predict the make of a previously unseen camera model. Based on the encouraging insights from previous works, we consider the grouping of JPEG images by their file headers where previous work performed image classification on a closed-set of devices. Grouping images by provenance can be done in different ways. Such information can, for example, help refute the hypothesis that an illegal photograph found on the Internet was produced using the personal device of a suspect.
Image provenance, i.e., information on the model and make of the device that was used to produce an image, is a helpful cue in many digital investigations.
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